7 facts about population in Sub-Saharan Africa

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As Africa faces the potential for a demographic dividend, certain facts about Africa’s population offer cause for both excitement and concern.

 

  1. The population of sub-Sahara Africa has grown from 186 million to 856 million people from 1950-2010. That’s about 11 million people a year for the past 60 years or approximately 670 million people in 60 years. By 2060, the population of sub-Sahara Africa could be as large as 2.7 billion people. Compare this demographic shift to Europe’s projection of a declining population—from 738 million people in 2010 to 702 million in 2060.
  2. Nigeria, Ethiopia, Tanzania, DRC, Niger, Zambia, and Uganda will contribute millions of people to the world total. Along with China and India, these countries will have the largest populations in the world. By 2050, Nigeria is projected to outpace the population of the United States by about 30 million people.
  3. These staggering numbers are the results of decades of change in childbearing and mortality patterns. Until recently, on average a woman in sub-Sahara Africa had 6.5 children over her lifetime. Now women have 5.1 children on average, but this average masks considerable heterogeneity; in countries like Botswana, South Africa and Kenya women have fewer children, but in countries like Niger or among less educated rural poor women, the change is minimal, if any.
  4. Deaths, especially those of children, are increasingly being reduced. Infant mortality rates have declined from 183/1000 children born in 1950-55 to 69/1000 children born in 2010-2015. As a result, life expectancy has increased from 36 years in 1950-55 to 56 years at present.
  5. Policies and public actions matter to population growth. The large variations in population across countries are caused by factors such as levels of education, poverty, urbanization, access to health care including family planning methods and attitudes towards population growth. These factors help to explain why, for example, Niger’s population is growing at 3% per annum while Botswana’s population is growing at 1% per annum. Women have fewer children when they marry later, start families later and use modern methods of family planning. Childhood deaths have been reduced in countries with better access to immunization, health care, nutrition, education and transport.
  6. The population structure of countries is shaped by birth and mortality rates. Today, most countries are primarily made up of children aged 14 years and under. 
  7. Countries that have managed to reduce both mortality and fertility rates increasingly find that the bulk of their population now consists of working age people and young adults.  Still, Niger, Uganda and Chad all have populations with median ages below 16 years. Of the world’s top ten countries with the youngest populations, eight are in sub-Sahara Africa. By 2050, the region will be home to all 10.
Africa's Demographic Transition: Planning for the Future of Africa's Youth
 

For the optimist, these demographic shifts are exciting; for the pessimist, the numbers are daunting. What kind of future will greet another billion people in the region? It depends on the policies that governments embark on to ensure quality education, affordable and quality health care, clean water and adequate sanitation, etc.  A temporary window in time with the potential to rapidly improve the economic wellbeing of a country opens up as workers outnumber dependents (both old people and children). Such a temporary window to improve the economic well- being of a country is known as the demographic dividend.  For some countries in the region, this window has already opened; for others, the opportunity is ripe to open that window. The question is: Will countries in the region take advantage of the opportunity or squander it? 
 
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FROM THE SAME COLLECTION

  1. Optimism about  Africa’s demographic dividend
  2. ​7 Facts about Population in Sub-Saharan Africa
  3. Will Africa get a schooling dividend?
  4. Is Africa Aging?

Authors

Anne Bakilana

Practice Leader for Human Development, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia and Uganda

yaqoob
July 28, 2020

Really interesting, thanks for sharing such information.

Abrahamu Akyoo
July 28, 2020

I need your help on knowing about the macro and micro regional variations in population growth, distribution and density in Africa.

Samuel Todd
March 16, 2021

Sadly, the general lack of industry and enterprise in african countries doesn't bode well for its future. Africa and africans produce very little according to their stats. Increasing populations of uneducated and or under educated cast a dismal pall on this often unsettled continent; one which in many ways has become a "welfare continent" to the western world. How does increasing urban populations of needy, poorly educated, tribal minded bode anything but dismay for its future. Where will they work to feed themselves, where will they live, with already insufficient schools, medical care, organized and efficient transportation and roads, proper sanitation, and on and on. Most all plans proposed to change course are abandoned or unsuccessful (giving short bursts of optimism). The time to change is now before Africa as a whole becomes a cesspool of human misery, much of which the world will not want to absorb because the morass was totally avoidable if its countries had dealt with excessive births, corruption, misappropriation of aid etc. At some point the caring world will not care anymore. Bottom line: it's not up to us to eternally prop up the filing prerogatives and cultural deficits of a place which has most all of the raw materials and god given potential to join the 21st century, and start producing products to export to the world. It's time to be self sufficient, it's time to get rid of corrupt leaders once and for all, nd that these imperatives are imposed on it by a caring but, increasingly reluctant world to issue anymore handouts. Africa, ultimately you must fix yourself. Produce! Don't just supply ingredients for other more productive and industrious societies to pilfer and sell back to you. Make them yourself so that you can provide jobs and needed education sanitation and energy to your explosive population. Finally you MUST curtail this population growth with government mandates and enforceable sanctions on births per female. Without this doomsday looms on the horizon. I speak as a black man who cares.