The World Bank - Working for a world free of poverty

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Open Forum Gender: Getting to Equal

World Development Report 2012

Arab World: A New Social Contract

IBRD and IDA: Working for a World Free of Poverty.

Prospects Daily: European stocks and euro rally on Greek deal news, while first-time jobless claims in U.S. fall last week

Important developments today:


1.  European stocks and euro advance as Greek reaches an austerity measure deal


2. US labor market continues to strengthen


My Father’s Ford – A New Model for Cities

Ford ShowroomMy father is a Ford man he's driven nothing but since 1958. When I was a kid I would go with him every fall to the new models showroom party at Lange and Fetter Ford Motors in Trenton, Canada. I would get a balloon, some cake and maybe get to sit in a new car (spilled the cake on the new seat one year). Since being a kid I’ve always been amazed how car manufacturers manage to come out with yet another new version every year. Some years it would just be the lights that changed, in other years there might be a whole remake of the model, or an entirely new model might be introduced.


Now I’m a boring old man and drive a 2008 Toyota Camry. The back seat’s spacious enough for the girls, and I really would look like a fool with a middle-age crisis if I bought that red Mustang I coveted as a kid. Also, I now work on city issues, and let’s face it: an electric car (where electric generation has low carbon emissions) or a Smart Car is the way to go (after we get a smaller dog). But the way car manufacturers have provided new models every year for more than 80 years is a very important lesson for those of us working on cities.

The stressful condition

I came across this piece by Mullainathan and Datta in the Annual Report of the William Kellogg Foundation (HT Marginal Revolution), which is a behavioral economist’s take on the reasons why some parents are less likely than others to undertake actions beneficial to their children. The whole piece is worth your read, but here are some excerpts to set things up:

seToolbelt's Resource Competition has begun!


seToolbelt is pleased to announce the launch of its second competition for original tools and resources for social enterprise! They are looking for innovative, practical, real-life responses to the challenges that arise in social enterprises so that they can help make these original tools available to the wider community of social entrepreneurs.

Does better information lead to better development outcomes?

The idea that citizens can directly contribute to strengthening the governance and quality of service delivery has been gaining momentum. The recent globabl uprisings, from revolutions in Egypt and Tunisia to the Occupy Wall Street movements here in the US, have highlighted the important role that individuals play in demanding more accountable governments and policies.

Weekly Wire: the Global Forum

These are some of the views and reports relevant to our readers that caught our attention this week.


OECD Observer
Don’t forget corruption


“The crisis should not divert attention from the fight against corruption.  Mark Pieth, Chair of the OECD Working Group on Bribery, talks to Lyndon Thompson about the need to keep the ball rolling.


Mark Pieth is the affable, soft-spoken chair of the OECD Working Group on Bribery. He has held the post for more than 20 years, during which time he also served on the committee charged with investigating the Iraq Oil-for- Food Programme and the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering, headquartered at the OECD in Paris, and most recently as an advisor on the Integrity Board of the World Bank.”  READ MORE

Are Emerging Markets Leading the Way in Job Creation?

Photo: Wiki Commons User_KozuchWith a few exceptions, industrialized nations are still struggling with unemployment, unable to recover completely from the 2008 economic crisis. In the U.S. things seem to be improving as the unemployment rate fell in January to 8.3 percent, its lowest level since early 2009, according to the U.S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics. But all in all, whether it is lack of job opportunities for young people around the world, or that the global economy is not generating as many jobs as needed to keep up with labor force growth, the global job narrative is one of doom and gloom.


Nevertheless, there are reasons for optimism, particularly in the developing world. While major industrialized nations still struggle with unemployment, emerging markets are certainly doing better.


According to the new edition of Job Trends, released by the World Bank today, emerging economies continued their slow but steady job recovery in the third quarter of 2011. We are talking about countries like Brazil, China, Mexico and Turkey. But they are not the only ones. Across Eastern Europe and Central Asia, as well as in East Asia and Latin America, the employment picture has been improving over the past year in the 23 developing countries included in our global sample.

Cleaner Bricks for Better Air Quality in Dhaka

Dhaka. Chittagong. Khulna. Just a handful of cities where construction is booming. In Bangladesh, the construction sector is driven by a single fuel: bricks. But making bricks is not neat. It is messy and backbreaking. In Bangladesh, most bricks are manually made from mud, and then burnt in kilns. Workers have to use hammers to break up tons of coal every day. Then they carry the coal on their shoulders to the ovens used to fire bricks. There are more than 4,500 traditional kilns in Bangladesh that operate this way.

The country’s capital, Dhaka, is surrounded by more than 1,200 kilns. Most kilns operate only 6 months during the year (between November and April). Because more than 90% are located in low-lying areas which experience flooding during the rainy season. During the 6 months of operation, Dhaka becomes one of the most polluted cities in the world. Every day, the chimneys blow black smoke that clouds the city’s sky. The smoke is dense and contains fine particulates, which are very damaging to health. They cause no less than 20 percent of the premature deaths related to urban air pollution in Dhaka. 

How long can the country afford to make bricks in this way? The current status is by no means sustainable. To make 100,000 bricks, one needs to burn 20 tons of coal, which has high sulfur content. China, the world’s leading brick producer, uses only 6 tons of coal to make the same amount of bricks. China’s experience suggests that adopting cleaner and more energy-efficient technologies is key to success.

Creating a level playing field

Throughout the slums of this world, poor children are dreaming of becoming football stars and playing in the World Cup. Some of them from Kibera—Kenya’s largest slum—had a shot last weekend, when the International School of Kenya hosted the third “Mini World Cup”.


The event involved more than sixty teams made-up of Kenyan and international children from all walks of life. Two teams from Kibera made it to the top eight teams of the tournament, keeping their dream alive to win the “Cup” in one of the next years. The great thing about football is that all teams, no matter what their social background, have an equal opportunity to win. They start on a level playing field, and they all play by the same rules. When the final whistle blows, there is no reason why one of the teams from Kibera should not lift the Mini World Cup next time, just as Ghana’s Black Stars overcame Team USA in the 2010 World Cup, despite the huge disparity in wealth between the two nations.


In economic development, the equivalent of having a level playing field is equality of access to basic services.

Prospects Daily: Emerging market equities climb to six-month high, while Germany posts strong trade performance in 2011

Important developments today:

1. Emerging market equities climb to six-month high on Greek debt-talk progress

2.  Notwithstanding a weak Q4, Germany posts strong trade performance in 2011

 

Fotopedia, World Bank App Showcases Photos of ‘Women of the World’



During the 2011 World Bank Annual Meetings, we decided to give the highest visibility to the topic of gender equality in connection with the World Development Report 2012.

The report details the need of the world to close the big gender gaps that exist in order to pursue a path of true development for many countries. There is global progress, for example, in education.

But in other metrics, the data on gender equality is appalling:

Worldwide, women make up the majority of unpaid workers. And violence against women is still widespread.

Watching People As They Walk

If you have ever spent time on any major campus, you will be familiar with what I am about to describe. The architects of the campus will usually have laid out paved walkways for pedestrians to use as they move from one building to the other. These prescribed walkways are designed to protect the carefully maintained lawns that major campuses also tend to have, urging pedestrians to refrain from walking on the often gorgeously manicured lawns. If you are familiar with campuses, you also know that people tend to ignore the prescribed walkways. They move around the campus in ways that makes sense to them, even if that means carving ugly footpaths through carefully gardened lawns. The controllers of the environment try to forbid the use of footpaths, but they usually give up after a while. Hence, part of the story of a well-used campus is the network of footpaths, distinct from paved walkways, that sprouts over the years…and remains well-trodden with a stubborn, almost riotous, insistence.

Well-being as seen through the regrets of the dying

I recently read a Guardian article on the most common reported regrets from the dying and thought, “oh, that’s a good lead-in for a blog on subjective well-being.” However I see that Nic Marks at the New Economic Foundation beat me to the punch, so I link his insightful post. Nevertheless I’ll extend what he starts and add a development perspective…

The Guardian article summarizes the observations of a palliative care nurse in Australia concerning patients in their last weeks of life (Bronnie Ware, the nurse, subsequently wrote a book). Apparently the five most common regrets as voiced by these patients are:

Les effets de la crise en zone Euro sur la Zone franc: une perspective camerounaise

For English, click here


Alors que les rebondissements de la crise de la dette souveraine se succèdent, beaucoup se demandent quelles pourraient être ses effets sur les économies de la zone franc, une partie de l’Afrique ayant gardé des relations étroites avec l’Europe, et en particulier la France. Dans le cas du Cameroun, la zone Euro demeure le plus grand marché pour les exportations camerounaises et abrite la communauté la plus importante de Camerounais à l’étranger.

The effects of the Euro zone crisis on the CFA franc zone: a View from Cameroon

For French, click here.


As the sovereign debt crisis is unfolding, many are wondering what could be its effects on the economies of the CFA franc zone, a part of Africa with close relations with Europe, especially France. In the case of Cameroon, the Euro zone still represents the main market for the country’s exports and hosts the largest community of Cameroonians abroad.

Where wild tigers roam

No tigers made an appearance but this little fellow emerged from across the stream while I was at a lookout tower in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand.

ยังมีอีกที่: ภาษาไทย

There are only about 250 tigers in the wild left in Thailand and around 3,200* globally. Not a single one made an appearance when I covered the Global Tiger Initiative’s Regional Training on the Smart Patrol System at the Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary but I learned more about tigers then than I ever did at a zoo.

ณ ป่าที่เสือใช้ชีวิตอย่างอิสระ






ไม่มีเสือออกมาให้เห็น แต่ช้างป่าตัวนี้เดินข้ามลำห้วยตอนที่ฉันกำลังส่องสัตว์
ในเขตรักษาพันธุ์สัตว์ป่าห้วยขาแข้ง

Available in English



เสือในป่าธรรมชาติในประเทศไทยเหลือเพียงประมาณ 250 ตัวและประมาณ 3,200* ตัว ทั่วโลกพวกมันไม่ปรากฏตัวให้ฉันเห็นเลยในระหว่างที่ฉันปฏิบัติงานร่วมอยู่กับการฝึกอบรมระบบลาดตระเวนเชิงคุณภาพซึ่งเป็นการฝึกอมรมในส่วนภูมิภาคของโครงการโกลบอลไทเกอร์ (Global Tiger Initiatives) ณเขตรักษาพันธุ์สัตว์ป่าห้วยขาแข้งแต่ฉันได้เรียนรู้เกี่ยวกับพวกมันมากกว่าที่ฉันเคยเรียนรู้มาทั้งหมดจากสวนสัตว์ 
 



Prospects Daily: Italian and Spanish bonds retreat amid Greek worries, while German industrial output falls sharply in December

Important developments today:

1. Italian and Spanish government bonds fall amid Greek debt worries

2. German industrial output dropped sharply in December, but output is expected to stabilize

 

The Future of Education: Amazon or an eBay Model?

In a Washington Post article that Dr. Qasem and I wrote entitled “The Arab Spring of Higher Education,” we spoke of the Amazon model and the eBay model of higher education. Here we elaborate on these two models and talk about what education will look like in the future.


First, let’s look at some US trends in higher education:



  1. Tuition costs are becoming increasingly unaffordable for college students.  President Obama in his Michigan address asked colleges to think of ways to make education cheaper and more accessible.  Large capital investments and fixed costs make it difficult for colleges to cut their expenses drastically

  2. College degrees are unaffordable for many and even so, do not guarantee a job.  There is a demand for many prospective students is to learn materials and skills that would help them get a job

  3. Free availability of multimedia tools, broadband access, differentiated student base, demand for flexibility and modularized education, and technologically empowered end-users has created an environment where a demand for 24/7 education can be fulfilled by individuals or groups of individuals

Low-growth, high-crime in Central America

Central America has been one of the hardest hit regions in Latin America and the Caribbean during the 2008/2009 global financial and economic crisis, with one in two economies contracting or stagnating, in large part due to their strong links with the United States economy. Per capita GDP contracted 2.2 percent in 2009 in Central America, and private consumption contracted the most in countries like El Salvador and Honduras, countries that have also seen one of the highest increases in murder rates in 2009. The recovery from the crisis has lagged and has been weaker in Central America and, according to the recently released Global Economic Prospects report, economic prospects for the region are not very robust, with growth expected to decelerate to 3.7 percent this year. In per capita terms, this translates into growth of less than 2 percent in 2012.



The dearth of economic opportunities in the slow-growing economies of the region in the aftermath of the 2008/2009 financial crisis may have contributed to the rise in violent crime. Murder rates have risen in many countries in the region, in some at an alarming rate. Even in richer and safer countries like Panama and Costa Rica, homicide rates doubled and surged by 30%, respectively, between 2007 and 2010.


And one of the culprits for subdued economic growth in many of the Central American countries is the expansion of criminal organizations and the rise in violent crime. Weak state institutions have been no match for drug-trafficking organizations that have started to expand in the region and recruit from the 70,000-strong youth gangs known as the maras. With an average of nearly 40 intentional murders per 100,000 inhabitants in 2010 Central America remains the most violent region in the world. It has a murder rate that is almost double that of the Caribbean, the second most violent region, according to United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) homicide statistics.


Increased insecurity and crime are undermining economic activities, including investment and private consumption. According to the Commission on Growth and Development, the exponential growth in drug trafficking and crime in Colombia after 1980 has caused a marked decline in total factor productivity, undermining long-term growth. And now Honduras has reached crime rates comparable to those of Colombia in the 1980s and 1990s, with its murder rate soaring to 82 per 100,000 inhabitants in 2010, the largest anywhere in the world in more than a decade. El Salvador, Belize, and Guatemala, although have much lower crime rates, are also among the seven most violent countries in the world. Ever-stronger criminal organizations are further weakening the state institutions in these countries, having in some cases infiltrated them, feeding the cycle of increased insecurity and crime and weak growth. How can this vicious cycle be broken?