Marlaine E. Lockheed is a Visiting Lecturer in the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton University and has four decades of experience advising governments, donor agencies and private organizations on reforms for education quality, gender equity and school effectiveness. At the World Bank for 19 years, she held various research and senior management positions, including responsibilities for education policy and lending for the 14 countries of the Middle East and North Africa. She served as Vice-President of the American Educational Research Association, a member of the U.S. National Academy of Science's National Research Council's Board in International and Comparative Studies in Education, Associate Editor of Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis and on the boards of numerous other professional associations and scientific journals. She has been a visiting fellow at the Center for Global Development, and has also taught at Harvard, Stanford and University of Texas. She holds a Ph.D. From Stanford University.